Odds are you’ve never heard of the “mudsill theory of labor,” but you and everybody else in this country really should learn about it. It explains a whole spectrum of Republican behavior that otherwise seems baffling and self-defeating. For example:
— The past 7 years have seen a near-fivefold increase in documented child labor violations by employers. States have responded to this alarming trend in two ways: Democratic-controlled states are putting more teeth into their laws and upping enforcement; Republican-controlled states are loosening their laws and cutting back on enforcement so children can drop out of school and go to work.
So far, three Blue states (and two Red ones) have made it harder for employers to exploit child labor, while eight Red states have made it easier for children to get trapped in a cycle of work that often ends their educational progress and consigns them to a lifetime of manual labor. Eight other Republican-controlled states are currently considering legislation to weaken child labor laws, while 13 mostly Democratic-controlled states are in the process of tightening their restrictions.
— Meanwhile, Republican-controlled states are waging war against universal quality public education for their children. The first shots were fired in efforts to strip schools of books and curricula referencing America’s history of slavery, Jim Crow, Native American genocide, and brutality against the queer community. Those were followed by often-violent threat-filled appearances at school board meetings by militia members and other white supremacists “calling out” teachers and school administrators for “woke indoctrination.”
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Most recently, multiple Red states moved to kneecap public schools by removing their funding and reallocating it to families who can afford private academies, religious schools, and home schooling. Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Utah, and West Virginia have all instituted universal or near-universal school voucher programs in the past few years.
These programs, advocated by rightwing billionaires, are designed to ghettoize Red state public schools by subsidizing middle- and upper-class children’s tuition while leaving poorer students — who can’t afford the costs beyond the vouchers — stuck in defunded and thus failing public schools. Tennessee, Missouri, Louisiana, Nebraska, and Alabama have put into place or are also about to institute voucher programs that go nearly as far.
— Finally, Republican-controlled states go out of their way to make it difficult for workers to unionize or for existing unions to succeed and expand. The immediate result of this “right to work for less” mentality and activity is that social mobility — the ability of a person to move from being the working poor into the middle class, or from the middle class into the upper middle class — is largely frozen.
My family is probably typical of American social mobility. My grandfather was a poor immigrant from Norway who made furniture. My father worked at a tool and die shop, a good union job. I’ve done much better than my father, just like he did much better than his father. And my son, with a Master’s degree and his own business, will do better than me.
Social mobility in America today, however, is lower than in any other developed country, a huge change since the 1950-1980 decades before the Reagan Revolution when we led the world in social mobility. Most American children today are locked into the social and economic class of their parents; the opportunity for advancement that union jobs used to provide is half of what it was when Reagan became president.
Maryland, Minnesota, Delaware, Vermont, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Montana, and Utah have the highest social and economic mobility in the United States; only Utah is a “right to work for less” state and all the rest welcome unions.
Oklahoma, South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas — all “right to work for less” states — are the states where workers stuck in poverty are most likely to be frozen in the social and economic class into which they were born.
If you notice a pattern, you’re right: young people are far more likely to exceed their parent’s economic accomplishments in Blue states than in Red states, and have been since Reagan killed the union movement and defunded public education in the 1980s.
So, what does all this have to do with mudsills, the first layer of wood put down on top of a home’s concrete or stone foundation to support the rest of the house? And how and why did today’s GOP adopt the mudsill theory, even though that word to describe it has gone out of fashion?
For that, we must step into the Way-back machine.
On March 4, 1858 slave plantation owner and South Carolina Senator James Henry Hammond rose to speak before his peers in the US Senate. At the time, his speech wasn’t noted as exceptional, but over the following year it was published in the newspapers and caught the imagination of the plantation owners and “scientific racists” of the South; it was soon the talk of the nation.
Hammond asserted that for a society to function smoothly, it must have a “foundational” class of people who, like the way a mudsill stabilizes the house that rests atop it, bear the difficult manual labor from which almost all wealth is derived.
“In all social systems there must be a class to do the menial duties,” Hammond proclaimed, “to perform the drudgery of life. That is, a class requiring but a low order of intellect and but little skill. Its requisites are vigor, docility, fidelity.
“Such a class you must have, or you would not have that other class which leads progress, civilization, and refinement. It constitutes the very mud-sill of society and of political government; and you might as well attempt to build a house in the air, as to build either the one or the other, except on this mud-sill.”
Hammond claimed that every society throughout history rested on a mudsill class; that even Jesus advocated this when he said, “The poor you will always have with you.”
To stabilize society, he additionally argued, such a group of people must be locked rigidly into their mudsill class.
Hammond said the logical group of people to form the mudsill of American society were those people kidnapped and transported to this continent from Africa, thus justifying race-based chattel slavery:
“We use them for our purpose, and call them slaves. We found them slaves by the ‘common consent of mankind,’ which, according to Cicero, ‘lex naturae est.’ The highest proof of what is Nature's law.”
He added that slavery existed in the North, too, but by another name:
“[Y]our whole hireling class of manual laborers and operatives, as you call them, are essentially slaves.”
In this, Hammond was arguing for a modern reinvention of the system of serfdom that dominated Europe from the 3rd to the 19th centuries and still operates in some underdeveloped countries.
Hammond’s mudsill theory was quickly embraced by the southern plantation owners as well as many northern industrialists and newspaper owners, although progressive politicians and spokesmen for labor were outraged, particularly at the idea that social mobility must be denied to the laboring class.
President Abraham Lincoln jumped into the debate with a speech on September 30, 1859 in Milwaukee. At the time he was a lawyer in private practice and a fierce advocate for the right of social mobility for working class white people. Speaking of the industrialists who employed child labor, opposed education, and used brutal methods to keep workers in line, he said:
“They further assume that whoever is once a hired laborer, is fatally fixed in that condition for life; and thence again that his condition is as bad as, or worse than that of a slave. This is the ‘mud-sill’ theory.”
Lincoln didn’t find the argument persuasive; in fact, he was offended by it.
“Another class of reasoners,” he said, speaking of himself, “hold that labor is prior to, and independent of, capital; that, in fact, capital is the fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed — that labor can exist without capital, but that capital could never have existed without labor. Hence they hold that labor is the superior — greatly the superior — of capital. …”
“[T]he opponents of the ‘mud-sill’ theory insist that there is not, of necessity, any such thing as the free hired laborer being fixed to that condition for life. There is demonstration for saying this. Many independent men, in this assembly, doubtless a few years ago were hired laborers.”
When president, Lincoln followed up with his goal of promoting social mobility; he signed legislation creating over 70 Land Grant colleges, including my mother’s Michigan State University, where tuition was free or very affordable until the Reagan Revolution.
These days, Republicans generally take Hammond’s point of view, while today’s Democrats embrace Lincoln’s perspective.
— This is why today’s “conservative” advocates of the mudsill theory argue that “lower class” children shouldn’t be “over-educated” but, instead, sent into the workplace as early as practical. Thus, the Red state movement to gut child labor laws.
— Quality education paid for by the state, they assert, should be kept out of reach of the mudsill class and only available to genetically “superior” students who are the children of the upper classes. Thus, the movement for universal school vouchers.
— And G-d forbid mudsill laborers should ever have a union represent them: that sort of empowerment may cause them to enter the middle class and then rise up in rebellion against their superiors. Thus, the multi-billion-dollar union-busting industry embraced by Republican politicians across the nation.
This didn’t happen by accident or in a vacuum.
Russell Kirk was the 20th century’s philosopher king of the mudsill theory, although he never used the phrase. As I laid out in detail in The Hidden History of American Oligarchy, Kirk’s 1951 book The Conservative Mind argues forcefully, like Hammond did, that society must have “classes and orders” to ensure stability.
Kirk argued in the 1950s that if the American middle class — then under half of Americans — ever grew too large and well paid, then such access to “wealth” would produce a social disaster. His followers warned that under such circumstances minorities would forget their “place” in society, women would demand equality with men, and young people would no longer respect their elders.
The dire result, Kirk warned, would be social chaos, moral degeneracy, revolution, and the eventual collapse of American society.
While at first Kirk was mostly only quoted by cranks like Barry Goldwater and William F. Buckley Jr., when the 1960s hit and the Civil Rights movement was roiling America’s cities, women were demanding access to the workplace and equal pay, and young men were burning draft cards, Republican elders and influencers concluded Kirk was a prophet.
Something had to be done.
Ronald Reagan came into office with the mandate to save American society from collapse. To that end, he set out to reestablish a mudsill class in America by ending free college and gutting public schools, destroying the union movement, and weakening enforcement of child labor laws.
Thus, today’s Republicans — from Sam Alito and Clarence Thomas to Mike Johnson, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, and Donald Trump — are finally close to fulfilling Hammond’s and Reagan’s vision of an America built on mudsill labor (while ironically repudiating America’s first Republican president, Abraham Lincoln).
And now, as the late Paul Harvey would say, you know the rest of the story.
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